Metabolic Markers

Fasting blood sugar level. Elevated values indicate pre-diabetes or diabetes. Earliest signal of insulin resistance — sometimes years before symptoms.

Glycated haemoglobin: average blood sugar over the past 2–3 months. Gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes and pre-diabetes.

Fat values in the blood. Elevated triglycerides are strongly associated with excess carbohydrate and sugar intake, insulin resistance and elevated cardiovascular risk.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: marker for low-grade chronic inflammation. Elevated hsCRP is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and accelerated ageing.

End product of purine breakdown. Elevated uric acid is associated with gout, kidney stones and cardiovascular risk. Rises with fructose, alcohol and red meat.